Compositions of unsaturated alkyd resins and polyallyl esters



Patented June 22, 1948 COMPOSITIONS OF UNSATURATED ALKYD RESINS AND POLYALLYL ESTERS Edward L. Kropa, Old Greenwich, Conn., a ssignor to American Cyanamid Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Maine No Drawing. Application June 13, 1944, Serial No. 540,142

11 Claims.

This invention relates to resinous compositions and processes of producing such compositions by polymerizing or reacting a reactive resin of the alkyd type with reactive organic substances, generally solvents, to form substantially infusible, substantially insoluble resins.

One of the objects of this invention is to prepare improved resins and especially to obtain clear and colorless gels.

It is also an object of this invention to provide potentially polymerizable solution-s which would be stable during storage.

Still another object of this invention is to control the rate of polymerization of the reactive mixture, as well as to improve the properties and characteristics of resulting gels.

Another object of this invention is to prepare compounds particularly suitable for useas coating compositions and as components in coatin compositions.

A further obiect of the present invention is to prepare molding compositions and especially to prepare clear and colorless molded materials. Another object of this invention is to prepare laminated moldings having high strength and other desirable properties.

A still further object of this invention is to provide molding compositions suitable for injection molding. Other objects will be apparent from the description.

Substantially insoluble, substantially infusible resins may be prepared by means of the chemical reaction or polymerization of a mixture containing a resin possessing a plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups (1. e.

and an organic substance which contains the polymerizably reactive group CH2=CH-CH2. The high boiling allyl compounds are the preferred reactive organic substances. Such mixtures may be utilized in coating compositions, in molding compositions, in laminating, in adhesives, in casting compositions, etc.

For the sake of brevity the organic substances which contain the polymerizably reactive group, CH2=C will be referred to herein as reactive materials or as reactive materials containing the CHz=C group and they are thus to be distinguished from the resins which possess a plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups which are designated herein as reactive resins or as unsaturated alkyd resins.

Many of the reactive materials containing the CH2==C group are solvents and therefore the reactive resins may be dissolved therein to form liquid compositions which may be used as such without the addition of any other solvent unless particularly desirable. It is to be understood, however, that I am not restricted to liquid substances which actually a-ct as solvents, since in some cases the organic liquid substances may in fact act as a solute rather than as a solvent, it being dissolved by the resin, or a colloid-a1 solution may be produced instead of a true solution.

Furthermore, the reactive material may be a resin containing a plurality of CH2=C groups .or CHz=CH-'CH2 groups. Such a substance could be cured by a reactive resin or by a reactive substance which contains polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups. Such substances may be derived from alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids, for example, by esterification of such acids.

Among the reactive resins used in the practice of this invention for interaction with the reactive material containing the CH2=C groups are those which are derived from alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids and, therefore, contain the reactive groupings present in these acids. The term acids as used herein is intended to include the anhydrides as well as the acid themselves since the former may be used instead of the acid. The term alpha, beta-unsaturated organic acid as used in the art does not include acids wherein the unsaturated group is part of an aromatic-acting radical, as for example, phthalic acid, and the same definition is adopted herein.

The resins are preferably produced by the esteriilcation or an alpha, beta-unsaturated polycarboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol and particularly a glycol. Although e'sterification of the acid with a polyhydric alcohol is perhaps one of the simplest, most convenient ways of obtaining a reactive resin, I am not precluded from using resins otherwise derived from alpha, beta-unsaturated organic acids. Reactive resin-s suitable for my invention are any of those containing a plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups.

PREPARATION or THE POLYMERIZABLE MIXTURE the mixture to polymerization conditions such as, for example, heat, light or a combination of ed compounds such as the maleic esters, by a 1,2-1,4 addition mechanism such as that which has become generally known as the Diels-Alder reaction. On the other hand, compounds such as those used according to the present invention and which contain no conjugated carbon-to-carbon double bonds obviously cannot undergo this type of reaction with the maleic esters. Accordingly, my invention is not directed to the use of unsaturated compounds containing conjugated systems of carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Many substances which contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond conjugated with respect to oxygen are suitable for us according to my invention since they do not react with unsaturated alkyd resins in an undesirable manner, but, instead, copolymerize or interpolymerize to form substantially infusi-ble,

substantially insoluble resins.

The reactive allyl compounds which may be used are any of those compounds which contain the CH2=CHCH2 group and which do not have a boiling point below about 60 C. Of the allyl compounds which may be used the allyl esters form a large class all of which are suitable. The reactive allyl compounds which have been found to be most suitable are those having a high boiling point such as the diallyl esters, e. g., diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, diallyl phthalate and diallyl succinate. Other allyl compounds may also be used which are not necessarily high boiling. As pointed out in my copending application, Serial No. 487,034, filed May 14, 1943 substantially insoluble and substantailly infusible resins may be prepared by reacting or polymerizing any of the following with a polymerizably reactive resin of the type described herein, i. e.. unsaturated alkyd resins containing a plurality of alpha, beta enal groups: allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, allyl acetate, allyl lactate, the allyl ester of alpha-hydroxyisobutyrie acid, allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, diallyl carbonate, diallyl malonate, diallyl oxalate, diallyl succinate, diallyl gluconate, diallyl methylgluconate, diallyl adipate, the diallyl ester of azelaic acid, diallyl sebacate, diallyl tartronate, diallyl tartrate, diallyl silicone, diallyl silicate, diallyl fumarate, diallyl maleate, diallyl mesaconate, diallyl eitraconate, diallyl glutaconate, the diallyl ester of muconic acid, diallyl itaconate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl ehlorophthalate, the diallyl ester of endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, triallyl tricarballylate, triallyl aconitate, triallyl citrate, triallyl phosphate, trimethallyl phosphate, triallyl cyanurate, tetraallyl silicate and other tetraallyl esters.

Tetraallyl silicane, (CH2=CHCH2)4 Si, is of use in obtaining compositions having good adhesion to glass. It may be prepared by reacting magnesium, allyl chloride and silicon tetrachloride in the presence of anhydrous ethyl ether in accordance with the Barbier modification of the Grignard reaction. The compound is obtainable in a 94% yield based upon the silicon tetrachloride; B. P. 102-103" at mm. of mercury absolute pressure; n =1.4864; d 4=0.8353. It polymerizes at elevated temperatures, e. g., above C. in from a few hours to a day or more to form hard, clear products. The polymerization may be catalyzed with benzoyl peroxide. The compound may be copolymerized under similar conditions with unsaturated compounds such as vinyl esters and halides, styrene, substituted styrene, esters of alpha, beta unsaturated monoand dicarboxylic acids such as diethyl fumarate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, etc., as well as with the unsaturated alkyd resins disclosed herein.

Diallyl diohloro silicane (CH2=CHCH2)1S1C12 and allyl trichloro silicane (CH2=CHCH2) SiCls may be prepared, polymerized or copolymerized similarly.

Many of the polyallyl esters which I may copolymerize with unsaturated alkyd resins have the following general formula:

where A is CH2=CHCH2, R is asubstituted 0! Generally speaking R may be any organic radical but a few of the types of radicals which R may represent are given below and in the formula the symbols are all as originally defined.

A-OCOC0 0A Allyl Oxalate (b) R=COO-R'OCO where R is a polyvalent organic radical having carbon atoms linked to the oxygens of the above formula.

By reacting allyl chloroxalate with a polyhydric alcohol, a homologous series of compounds may be made, some examples of which are:

Diallyl ethylene glycol dioxalate prepared by reacting allyl ehloroxalate with ethylene glycol;

A-OCOCO--O-CHr-C(CHz)zCHz-OCOCO-OA Diallyl neopentyl glycol dioxalate prepared by reacting allyl chloroxalate with neopentyl glycol;

A-OCOCO0--OH2 A-0C0C0-O H Ae-o-oo-co-o- H, Triallyl glyceryl trioxalate prepared by reacting allyl chloroxalate with glyce'rol.

Other compounds of this type may be made by substituting the other glycols and polyhydric alcohols used or mentioned in section II below.

II. R=--OR'O Examples of these are:

(a) Where R is a hydrocarbon radical AO-C O-O-CHz-CHz-O-C 0O-A Diallyl ethylene glycol dicarbonate A-O-C 00CH2 CHzOCHr-CH1-OC 00A Diallyl diethylcne glycol dicarbonate AOC O-O(CH2) aO-C O-A Diallyl trimethylene glycol dicarbonate A-O-O 0-0-0112-0 (CH3) CH=-0C 0-0 A Diallyl neopentyl glycol dicarbonate A-C 0-O-Clla 'Iriallyl glycerol tricarbonate A 0-0 o-o-o H, Diallyl glycerol dicarbonaic A-O-C 00Cl-l2 Tetraallyl pentaetythritol tetracarhonate A-O-C O-CH-OC OOA Tetraallyl alpha, beta dicarbo tartrate which may be prepared by reacting diallyl tartrate with allyl chlorocarbonate.

CzHa-O-CO- HOC O-OA Dietyl alpha, beta diallyldicarho tartrate which may be prepared by reacting diethyl tartrate with allyl chlorcarbonate. Other homologs may be prepared by reacting other alkyl or mixed esters of tartaric acid with allyl chlorcarbonate. e. g.,' dimethyl tartrate. allyl methyl tartrate, diisopropyl tartrate, allyl n-propyl tartrate, dicyclohexyl tartrate, di-n-octyl tartrate, allyl decyl tartrate, allyl octadecyi tartrate, allyl tetrahydroabietyl tartrate, etc. Moreover, in certain instances polyhydric alcohols can be used. With tartaric acid the preferred procedure is to esterify the tartaric acid with a glycol, e. g., ethylene glycol and subsequently treat the resinous ester with e. g., allyl chlorcarbonate to yield a mate- 'rial which may be represented by the formula:

Where a: is a small whole number.

100A A-O-C0OHO-CHOC 0-0 (cmcm) O O A Diallyl ester of ethylene glycol di (alpha, beta diallyl dicarbo tartrate) Compounds of this type may be prepared by the action of allyl chlorcarbonate on hydroxy acids. Some examples are:

which-may bemade by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with hydroxy acetic acid C The diallyl ester of lacto-carbonate which may be formed by reacting allyl lactate with allyl chlorocarbonate.

AO-COCHz-CHa-CO-OCH2CHz-O-CO-CHz-CHz-CO-O-A Diallyl ester 0! ethylene glycol disuccinate prepared by re-esteriflcation of diallyl succinate with ethylene glycol and having a boiling point of about 195-196 C. at 1 mm. of mercury absolute pressure.

A-O-L 0(CHz)iC00-CHr-CHz0-O 0 (CH1) a-C O-O-A Dlallyl ester of ethyleneglycol diadipate The last three compounds may be prepared by substituting the polyallyl ester of the acid involved and re-esterifying with the polyhydric alcohol involved. Other homologs may be prepared by the reaction of various polyallyi esters of polycarboxylic acids with any of the polyhydric alcohols.

on; em A-0-CO-( 3H0CO-0JJHCOA Diailyl bis-lactocarbonete obtained by the reaction of 2 mols of allyl lactate and 1 mol of phosgene.

Homologs of .the allyl esters of this group may be prepared as indicated above and also by substituting other allyl esters of dicarboxylic acid for the succinic, adipic, sebaoic, and tartaric esters e. g., esters of phthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, endo-methylene tetrahydrophthalic acid any one of the trior tetra-chlorphthalic acids, malonic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, etc.

In these compounds R contains an ester group and an amide group. Many of these compounds are prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with a monoalkylolamine. Examples of allyl esters of this type are:

AOC o-o-crncmmE-o o-o-A Diallyl ethanclamine dicarhonate prepared by reacting allyl chlorcarbonate with CHr-CHr-O-C 0-A Triallyl N-diethanol ethylene diamine tricarbonate prepared by reacting three mols respectively of allyl chlorocarbonate with N-ethanol ethylene diamine.

A-O-C O-0-CH=CH1NO 0O-A Diallyl N-phenyl ethanolemine dicarbonate prepared by reacting phenyl ethanolamine with allyl chlorocarbonate.

A-O-C O0CHO z Triallyl ester of the tricerbonate oi diethanolamine prepared by reacting 3 mols allyl chlorocarbonate with diethanolamine. The diallyl diethanolamine dicarbonates may be prepared similarly by the use of 2 mols of allyl chlorocarbonate.

-Homologs of the esters illustrated in this section may be prepared by reacting allyl' chlorocarbonate with any of the alkylolamines including the butanolamines, triethanolamine, methyl ethanolamine, etc.

VI. R=R'--NHCONHR'- Many of these compounds may be prepared by reacting an allyl ester. of an amino acid with phosgene. Some examples of these are:

A-O-C 0 CH:NH-C 0NHCHr-C 00--A Diallyl diglycino carbonate which may be prepared by reacting the allyl ester of glycine with phosgene.

Dinliyl di-alpha-aminopropriono carbonate which may be prepared by reacting the allyl ester of alpha alanine with phosgene.

prepared by reacting allyl epsilon amino caproate with phosgene.

Homologs of these may be prepared by substituting allyl esters of otheramino acids e. g., omega-amino-decanoic acid, beta alanine, gamma amino pimelic acid, etc. I

VII. R=R-NH- Some examples of these esters are:

which may be prepared by reacting the allyl ester I of glycine with allyl chlorocarbonate. Other compounds of this type may be prepared by reacting allyl esters of any of the amino acids with allyl chlorocarbonate.

VIII. R=-NH-R-NH Representative examples are:

A-O-CO-NH-CHa-CHz-NH-UO-O--A Diallyl ester of the dicarbonate of ethylene diamine prepared by reacting ethylene diamine and allyl chlorocarbonate.

A-O-O O-NH-(OH:)t-NH-C 0-O-A Diellyl ester oi the dicarbonate oi n-propyiene diamine which may be prepared by reacting propylene diamine with allyl chlorocarbonate.

Diallyl ester of the dlcarbonate o! p-phenylene diamine prepared by reacting p-phenylene diamine with allyl chlorocarbonate. Isomers may be prepared by substituting 0- or m-phenylene diamine for the p-phenylene diamine.

CHr-CHz-NH-G 00A A0-G 0-N om-om-Nm-c 0-0-A Triellyl esters oi the tricarbonate of diethylene triamine prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with diethylene triamine.

Homologs of the foregoin may be prepared by reacting any polyamine with allyl chlorocarbon ate e. g., triethylene tetramine. tetraethylene pentamine, mixtures of the polyethylene polyamines, hexamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, etc.

v CH1O+NH:O OCH2-CH:NH-G 0-OA Formaldehyde condensation product 01' the allyl ester of the carbonate 01B amino-propionamide the latter prepared by the reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and 3 amino-propionamide.

CHzO NHz-CO-(CHzh-NlL-C 0-O-A Formaldehyde condensation product of the allyl ester of the carbonate 0! epsilon amino caproic amide the latter prepared by reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and epsilon amino capnoic amide.

CHaO NHr-CO-O 00A Formaldehyde condensation product 0! the allyl ester of oxamide the latter prepared by reacting oxamide with allyl alcohol.

0H=0 NH2-C0-C(CH;)2NHCOOA Formaldehyde condensation product of the allyl ester 0! alpha carboxy-annno isobutyramide the latter prepared by the reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and alpha amino isobutyramide which is in turn prepared by reacting acetone cyanhydrin with ammonia.

X. R=R" where R" is organic and contains at least one carbonate linkage and at least 2 ester and/0r amide groups.

Allyl chlorocarbonate may be reacted with polyhydric alcohol such as ethylene glycol, an

alkylolam'ine such as mono-ethanolamine, or apolyamine such as ethylene diamine in equimolecular proportions to obtain the mono-allyl carbonate (reaction being primarily with the amino group of a monoalkylolamine) and then coupling two mols of the mono-allyl ester by reaction of the other, or one more of the other, reactive hydroxyl or amino groups with phosgene. If the polyhydric alcohol, alkylolamine or polyamine contain more than two hydroxyl and/or amino groups the di-, trior higher polyallyl compounds may be prepared with allyl chlorocarbonate so long as at least one reactive hydroxyl or amino group is left so that two or more mols may be coupled with phosgene.

Other allyl compounds which may be used are diallyl dithioammelide having the formula:

and diallyl' ammelide having the formula:

as well as phosphates thereof.

Tetraallyl compounds are not .easily prepared by direct esterification. One way for preparing such compounds is by the use of the acid chlorides.

Still other allyl compounds which may be used for reaction with a .polymerizable and unsaturated alkyd resin include reaction products of allyl malonate with formaldehyde or glyoxal, such compounds having the following formula respectively;

CHz=CHCHz-OC /COOCH2-C\H=CH2 CHCH2CH COQCHPCH=CHI COOCHz-CH=CHI CH=CHCH1OOC CH2=CHCH:OOC

o=oncu=o cn1=on cmooo OOCH2-CH(=CH2 Another compound which may be employed is the tetraallyl ester obtained by the reaction of allyl malonate with chloroform in the presence of sodium allylate and which has the following formula:-

CH2=CH-CHQOOC COOCHPCH=CH2 CHCH=C CHz=CHCH2-OOC COOCH2-CH=CH2 Still another compound which may be employed is the compound having the following formula:

CH2=CHCH2OOCCH CHz=CHCHrOOC- cm=oH-oHl-ooccir cHi=onoHlo0o and it may be prepared by reacting allyl acetylene dicarboxylate with allyl malonate.

The polymerization catalysts include the organic superoxides, aldehydic and acidic peroxides. Among the preferred catalyststhere are: the acidic peroxides, e. g., benzoyl peroxide, phthalic peroxide, succinic peroxide and benzoyl acetic peroxide; fatty oil acid peroxides, e. g., coconut oil acid peroxides, lauric peroxide, stearic peroxide and oleic peroxide; alcohol peroxides, e. g.,

tertiary butyl hydroperoxide usually called termight be used in some instances such as soluble.

cobalt salts (particularly the linoleate and naphthenate) p-toluene sulfonic acid, aluminum chloride, stannic chloride and boron triiluoride.

The term polymerization catalyst as used in this specification is not intended to cover oxygen contained in the resin as an impurity. While this small amount of oxygen would only catalyze the reaction to a very small extent, in order to eliminate any ambiguity the term polymerization catalyst is specifically defined as excluding any oxygen present as an impurity in the resin itself.

The concentration of catalyst employed is usually small, 1. e., for the preferred catalysts, from about 1 part catalyst per thousand parts of the reactive mixture to about 2 parts per hundred parts of the reactive mixture. If an inhibitor be present, up to 5% or even moreof catalyst may be necessary according to the concentration of inhibitor. Where fillers are used which contain high concentrations of substances which acts as inhibitors, e. g., wood flour, the concentration of catalyst necessary to effect polymerization may be well above 5%.

The polymerization conditions referred to are heat, light, or a combination of both. Ultraviolet light is more effective than ordinary light. The temperature of conversion depends somewhat on the boiling point of the reactive material and also on the pressures used. At atmospheric pressure, as in coating and casting operation, temperatures near or above the boiling point are unsuitable in most instances since substantial amounts of the reactive material would be lost by evaporation before the reaction between the resin and reactive material can be completed. Accordingly a temperature between room temperature (about 20-25" C.) and the boiling point is usually employed where polymerization of thisv reactive materials:

. Preferred Reactive Material Temperature Range Temperature diallyl maleate; Room temp. to about O 50 to 90 C. diallyl phthalate Room temp. to about C 50 to 90 C.

Obviously it will be necessary to use lower temperatures if large or very thick pieces are being cast because of the exothermic reaction and poor heat conductivity of the reacting mixture.

Wheresuitable precautions are taken to prevent evaporation of our reactive material or where pressure molding is used higher temperatures than those mentioned above could be used. Since the time of curing is desirably much shorter (in pressure molding at elevated temperatures) and since the reactive material containing the CH2=C group would not be lost so easily, a higher temperature is preferred.

The particular reactive resin, reactive material and catalyst is selected according to the type of product desired, takin into account the solubilities of the reactants as well as the character of the resulting gels. Some combinations of reac- Example 1 Dieth'ylene glycol maleate resin and diallyl maleate were mixed in various concentrations and treated with 0.4% of benzoyl peroxide. The following results were obtained after curing four days at 58 C.

. Diallyl Resin Maleate Result Per cent Per cent 10 90 Clear-soft. I 30 70 Clear-semihard-gelled after 24 hrs. 50 50 Do. 70 30 D0. 90 10 Do.

Similar results are obtained substituting diallyl fumarate and diallyl phthalate.

Example 2 Ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 50) and diallyl phthalate were 'mixed in various con centrations and treated with 0.4% benzoyl peroxide. The mixtures were heated at 44 C. for twenty-four hours and then at 100 C. for three hours with the following results:

D 11 1 Results la y Resm Phthalate 24 hours 27 hours Per cent Per cent 100 Liquid Liquid. 7 10 90 Slightly opaque gel. Slightly opaque gel. 20 80 do Do. 30 70 D0. 40 60 Do. 50 50 Clear gel 60 40 Do.

Example 3 Similar results were obtained with diethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 32) and ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 50) reacted with other diallyl esters:

' Results Parts Parts Resin oi Solvent of 501- $233 .Resln vent 0 Q Ethylene glycol Diallyl succinata. 3.3 Clear gel.

maleate.

Do 10 do l0. 0 Clear gelblue. Do 10 do 15.0 D0. Diethylene glyl0 Diallyl phthalate" 3. 3 Clear gel.

col maleate.

D 10 do 10.0 Do. 10 Diallyl succinate.. 3. 3 Do. 10 -.do 10.0 Do.

Diallyl sebacate was found not to be appreciably soluble in ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol maleate resins but was soluble in longchain glycol resins such as, for example, decamethylene glycol maleate resin.

Example 4 Ethylene glycol maleate resin (13 parts) was mixed with methallyl alcohol (7 parts) and 0.2%

benzoyl peroxide. At C. eight to ten minutes.

@ Example 5 Example 6 Approximately 250 parts of diallyl maleate were heated in a bath. The temperatures of the bath as well as the solution were recorded.

the mass gelled in Temperature Total Time elapsed, Minutes Diallyl Maleate, 0. Bath "As soon as the exothermic reaction was approached the material was removed from further contact with heat for approximately fifteen minutes and then further heated. The mass was then allowed to stand at room temperature and then distilled in vacuo. Approximately 60 parts of colorless viscous resin was obtained after the monomeric diallyl maleate had been removed.

2 parts of the resinous diallyl maleate were dissolved in 1 part of ethyl fumarate and treated with 0.2% of benzoyl peroxide. In approximately ten minutes at 90 C. a cloudy hard resin results.

The resinous diallyl maleate was mixed with equal parts of ethylene glycol maleate and treated with 0.5% of benzoyl Peroxide. At 50 C. curing resulted in a hard clear resinous mass.

Other resinous substances containing a plurality of unsaturated groups such as allyl cellulose, methallyl cellulose, crotyl cellulose, etc. could be treated in a similar manner with reactive materials or with reactive resins.

Example 7 500 parts of 'phth-alic anhydride, 103 parts of ethylene glycol, 225 parts of allyl alcohol, 225 parts of toluene and 3.4 parts of p-toluene sulfonic acid were heated in such a manner that the hot vapors passed through a bubble-cap fractionating column before condensing. The water was separated and the other components returned to the still. The heating was continued for approximately 16'hours. The mass was then heated in a low vacuum to remove the low boiling constituents and then in a higher vacuum (4 mm.). The bath around the flash was maintained at approximately 180 C. for 2.5 hours to remove volatile materials.

The residue remaining was a soft fluid viscous resin of acid number of 38.

One part of the above resin was mixed hot with 1 part of alpha propylene glycol maleate resin and treated with 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide, at 120 0. rapid curing was obtained.

Example 8 Equal parts of diethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 32) and diallyl maleate were mixed with 0.02% cobalt naphthenate and 0.2% benzoyl peroxide. At C. films of this composition on glass dried to very hard brittle coatings in ten minutes. One hour at 90 C. was required to obtain similar coating when diallyl succinate was substituted for the diallyl maleate.

Example 9 Trigi'ihykine Et 1 Result at 90 C. at-

co y ene fl gg M eate 11 min. 20 min.

Parts Parts Example 10 Compositions similar to those of Example 9 were made using the same proportions of diallyl maleate resin and catalyst. The following results at .90 C. were obtained with the resins indicated, the proportions being given in mol Resin Drying time 50 'Iriethylene glycol, 1259' Fumaric, 37.57 Minutes %hthalic f 12 50% Triethylene glycol, 25% Fumaric, 25% Phthalic 12 50% Triethylene glycol, Fumaric, 16% Pht hahc 12 o Trlethylene glycol, 25% Fumaric, 25% Pmeneumarlc (Made by reacting pg mol of pinene to 1 mol of iumenc) 20 The resin with 80% fumaric acid is not so flexible as with 50% fumaric acid.

Example 11 60 parts of diallyl maleate were mixed with 40 parts of diethylene glycol phthalic-maleic resin (50% phthalic-50% maleic). Films of this mixture dried from the bottom but the top remained soft. The addition of linseed fatty acids to the resin, however, eliminated this tack.

For coating compositions too large a proportion of maleic acid in the resin should not be used if best adhesion and pliability is desired. To eliminate the slight amount of surface tack, the alkyd resin may be modified with a small amount of drying oil acids. Drying oils containing a number of unsaturated linkages should be used. The alkyd resin should preferably contain a certain number of oiwgen bridges to get good surface drying.

Example 12 Phthalic anhydride (150 parts), triethylene glycol (160 parts) and linseed oil (15 parts) were heated in an atmosphere of CO2 at 180 C. for eight hours, resulting in an acid number of 31.8. To the cooled mix there was added maleic anhydride (98 parts) and ethylene glycol ('70 parts) and the mixture was then heated eight hours at 175 C. under CO2. During the last fifteen minutes the gas was blown through quite vigorously to remove the volatile ingredients. After further heating at 150 C. for five hours a resin of acid number 20.3 was obtained.

This resin was dissolved in diallyl maleate in the ratio 60:40, respectively and 0.2% benzoyl peroxide and 0.05% cobalt drier were added.

14 Films of this dried on tin at 90 C. in fifteen to twenty minutes. They were hard and resistant.

Example 13 46 parts of glycerol, 49 parts of maleic anhydride, 35 parts of linseed oil acids and 69 parts of undecylenic acid were heated to 180 C. during about three hours. Compatibility did not occur and the massgelled. Upon the slow addition of the linseed oil acids to the hot mixture of the other ingredients compatibility was established. The resin (12 parts) resulting from this reaction was dissolved separately in diallyl maleate (8 parts) and also in toluene (8 parts) and treated with 0.5% benzoyl peroxide and 0.05% cobalt naphthenate and baked at 90 C. The resindiallyl maleate mixture dried in less than an hour whereas the resin-toluene mixture required one and one half hours to dry.

Obviously, the mixture containing the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group can be mixed with lacquer ingredients and solvents such as cellulose derivatives. The following example illustrates such a coating composition:

Example 14 Percent Nitrocellulose 29.2 Ethanol 12.5 Ethyl acetate 58.3

One part of each of the above solutions was mixed with one part of toluene and the mixture applied to tin. The film was baked for [forty-five minutes at 90 C. to yield a clear, glossy, hard film.

The following examples show molding compositions and shaped or molded articles comprising my polymerizable reactive mixtures:

Example 15 To 125 parts of cellulose filler (Novacel) about I 22 parts of diallyl phthalate containing about 0.1-0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide are added and the resulting composition is placed in a suitable mixer, e. g.. a Banbury mixer, and agitated until homogenized. About 45 parts of the solution containing 75% of ethylene glycol maleate and 25% of v diallyl phthalate are added and the entire mixture is ground for about 35 minutes.

The resulting product is molded at temperatures of about ISO-150 C. and at pressures up to about 3000 pounds per square inch. Small dishlike moldings are produced at this temperature and pressure in about 3 minutes.

This composition may be ground if necessary to disperse the benzoyl peroxide thoroughly. The mixture is molded in polished molds for about 3 minutes at about C. and at approximately 200 pounds per square inch pressure. A clear,

Example 17 Parts Resin E" 60 Diallyi phthalate 40 Benzoyl peroxide 0.5

Resin E" is dissolved in the diallyl phthalate and the benzoyl peroxide is added. The above so lution is coated onto glass fabric and placed between smooth platens. A pressure of about 10-15 pounds/sq. ins. is applied to the platens, in order to remove entrapped air. The assembly is then heated at about 150 C. for about 2 hours. The platens are removed and a stiff sheet results.

Using 2 plys of glass cloth, possessing the trade name EC-11-16l" (sold by Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation), the following physical properties were obtained using the above resinous composition: Y

Tensile strength (+25 C.)

32,000 pounds/sq. in. 27,100 pounds/sq. in.

The difference in strength was obtained by cutting specimens parallel to and at right angles to the warp.

The modulus in bending values were:

9.6 10 pounds/sq. in. at 40 C. 6.1)( pounds/sq. in. at 40 C. 9.6 10 pounds/sq. in. at +25 C. 7.3 X10 pounds/sq. in. at +25 C.

Here again tests were conducted parallel to and at right angles to the warp.

The above liquid composition may be applied by means of a doctor blade, by dipping, followed by squeeze rolls, by Spray or by brush.

Resin "E above was prepared by heating 6 mols of diethylene glycol, 5 mols of fumaric acid and 1 mol of sebacic acid at about 200 C. until an acid number of about 50 was obtained.

Example 18 Parts Diethylene glycol fumarate 50 Diallyl phthalate 50 Lauroyl peroxide 0.5

The above composition is cast between sheets of glass. A paper spacer of approximately 30 mils is used to separate the glass sheets. The resin is to ced into this space by means of a hypodermic needle. The assembly is maintained for about 1 hour at 150 C. The assembly is cooled and placed in cold water. A thin, flexible, hard sheet of resin resulted. The composition is especially transparent since both sides of the sheet had taken the surface from the glass.

Such sheets of resin may be used directly or may be sealed onto other surfaces and used as a coating. When such materials are to be used as coatings, it is preferable to abrade one surface. This may be accomplished mechanically or in the manufacture thereof by the use of etched glass as one casting surface in the above as: sembly.

Example 19 A thin, flexible sheet may be prepared by usin a formulation such as follows in the process outlined in Example 18.

Parts Resin F' 50 Diallyl phthalate 50 Benzoyl peroxide l Resin F is prepared by heating 2 mols of sebacic acid, 1 mol fumaric acid and three mols of ethylene glycol at about 200 C. until the acid number is about 50.

A flexible sheet is formed which is similar to that obtained in Example 18.

Example 20 In order to produce compound curved laminated forms, the following procedure has been found satisfactory: Canvas or glass cloth cut to size is impregnated with the reactive mixture employed in Example 17. The layers of impregnated resin are placed in an appropriate form and a vacuum applied, suitable with a rubber bag. The assembly is then heated ,for approximately 5 hours at C.

Example 21 Parts Diallyl phthalate 48 Ethylene glycol maleate resin 32 Toluene 10 Ethanol '10 Benzoyl peroxide 0.6 t-Butyl peroxide 0.4

Canvas is impregnated with the above solution and the excess, if any, is removed by passing the impregnated canvas through squeeze rolls.

The impregnated canvas is then placed in an oven at about 80 C. until the resin has been partially converted to the infusible, insoluble stage. This operation requires approximately 2-3 hours. The impregnated canvas should be molded immediately or if allowed to stand for any time, precautions should be taken to avoid exposure to air or oxygen.

The sheets of impregnated canvas are cut, stacked and molded under heat and pressure at about 2000-3000 pounds per square inch and at temperatures around C. for approximately l hours, thereby producing a laminated cloth plate of very high transverse strength.

Alternatively, cut ,canvas sheets may be impregnated with the above composition without the use of the volatile solvents, alcohol and toluene.

The solution of diallyl phthalate and alkyd resin is applied to canvas using equal weights of canvas and reactive composition. The assembled sheets are placed between platens and, placed in a press. A pressure of about 50 pounds/sq. in. is applied and the mass cured at C. for 1.5 hours. A still cured resinous material results. Paper may be impregnated in a similar manner. For example, a composition containing approximately 45-50% resin has a transverse strength of about 16,000-19,000 pounds/sq. in. This lamin'ated plate is particularly suitable for use in production of gear wheels because of the high chined easily.

Example 22 Parts Ethylene glycol maleate resin 60 Diallyl maleate 40 Benzoyl pero 0.7 Cobalt naphthenate 0.04

This mixture is used to impregnate canvas and the impregnated canvas is heated at about 80 C. for around 30-35 minutes in an oven. The material is then cut, stacked and molded at a pressure of about 2500-3000 pounds/sq. in. at a temperature of about 125 C. and for approximately 3 hours. The molded plate thus produced has a transverse strength of about 17,000 pounds/sq. in. and it contains about 40 per cent resin. The strength may be increased and the electrical properties may be improved somewhat by curing the resin at lower temperatures, e. g., 105 C. and at ordinary atmospheric pressures. This, of course, requires a correspondingly longer time for the conversion to the infusible, insoluble stage.

Example 23 Parts Resin K 50 Diallyl maleate .50 Benzoyl per 7 This composition is applied to paper on a tube rolling machine, the machine comprising suitable rollers for paper and a means for distributing a uniform coating of resin on the paper. After the resin-impregnated paper has been rolled, the roll is cut, stacked and partially cured (i. e., polymerized) at about 110 C. and then molded at somewhat higher temperature, e. g., 120-130? C. at a pressure of about 2000 pounds/sq. in. The resulting molded plate has good electrical properties and it has excellent transverse strength. If desired, cylindrical moldings can be produced by suitable modification of the apparatus and process.

Resin K is prepared by heating at about 180 C. under an inert atmosphere 650 parts oi phthalic anhydride, 420 parts or maleic anhydride, 800 parts of triethylene glycol, 410 parts of ethylene glycol and 180 parts of linseed oil fatty acids in a suitable reaction chamber provided with a reflux condenser which has a water trap to separate the waterformed during the esterification irom the condensate. The mixture is heated for about 4-12 hours or until a relatively low acid number is obtained, e. g., about 20.

Example 24 50 parts of diethylene glycol maleate, about 50 parts of triallyl phosphate and 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide are mixed together. A small casting completely polymerizes at about 50 C. in about 16 hours.

Example 26 10 parts of triallyl tricarballylate are mixed with 10 parts of diethylene glycol maleate resin and 0.4% benzoyl peroxide. The resulting reactive mixture is heated in the form of a small cast- C. for about 24 hours and A hard ing at about -60 then at about 100 C. for several hours, clear casting is obtained.

Example 27 VIscosI'rY ADJUSTMENT or Rmc'rrvn MIXTURE It is sometimes desirable to reduce the viscosity of my mixtures of reactive resin and reactive material containing the CHFC group, as for instance, when a very viscous resin is to be used for coating. It is possible to do this by adding an esterification catalyst. e. e., p-toluene sulfonlc acid and then heating until the viscosity goes down, The mechanism of this change is probably reesteriflcation. This is also useful. when the composition is to be baked at high temperature, under which conditions the reactive material would be lost in part by evaporation. If this .thinning" process is carried out, the reactive material is combined with the resin by reesteriflcation and is not lost. It is also desirable to add a polymerization inhibitor before the heating or V thinning process.

294 parts of maleic anhydride, 121 parts sebacic acid, 227 parts of ethylene glycol, 32 parts of linseed fatty acids and 3.6 parts of p-toluene sul ionic acid was mixed with diallyl'maleate in the ratio or parts of resin and 40 parts of diallyl maleate, 0.01% p-toluene sulfonic acid added, and the mixture heated in an oil bath at C. for five hours. The viscosity decreased from 10 to 8 poises.

In casting or'molding operations using a mixture of a reactive resin and reactive material containing the CHz=C group, it may sometimes be desirable to body the reactive mixture before adding the catalyst in order to cut down the induction period which would otherwise be too long. This may be done by heating a mixture of resin and reactive material from about 70 C. to about 0., preferably at about 90 C., for sufficient length of time to substantially reduce the induction period. This time will vary with each resin-reactive material combination with the initial viscosity and other such factors but may be determined by observation of the rise of viscosity. The heating should continue until the viscosity begins to rise rapidly. A general rule for determining the heating time is to heat the mixture until the viscosity is about two to three times the initial viscosity.

After the bodying operation is carried out, the polymerization catalyst is added to the mixture and the whole subjected to polymerization conditions. The use of liquid peroxides instead of solid peroxides is an advantage after bodying the resin mixture since it is diiiicult to get the solid peroxides dissolved rapidly enough. Peroxides of the coconut oil acids, tertiary butyl peroxide and ascaridole are suitable liquids.

By the use of this process the induction period is cut down from approximately /2 to /8 the time that is required when the bodying process is not used. Even greater reductions are obtained with some mixtures.

In bodying reactive mixtures containing the reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CH=C group wherein the proportion of reactive material is greater than about 30%, the viscosity rise is so sudden that it may be somewhat difilcult to control it. Accordingly, if it is desired to body a resin-reactive material mixture containing more than 30% of reactive material, an alternative procedure is used. By this method one first bodies a mixture containing only 30% of reactive material. Then a small portion of additional reactive material is added, for example, sufilcient to make the reactive material concentration 40% and then this is bodied. If still more reactive material is desired, another small portion of reactive material is added and the bodying process repeated. This process is. repeated until the desired concentration and viscosity is obtained.

ADDITION or INHIBITORS One of the diificulties in the use of the compositions described above is that they are not susceptible to storage in the mixed form because polymerization will usually take place even at room temperature within a comparatively short time. Moreover, when it'is desired to cure the compositions very rapidly under heat and pressure, the react on becomes at times so vigorous that it cannot be controlled. In order to overcome these difllculties it has been found advisable to incorporate a small proportion of a polymerization inhibitor in the mixture of resin and reactive material. When it is desired to use this mixture, a small percentage of the polymerization catalyst is added, sufflcient to overcome the eifect of the inhibitor as well as to promote the polymerization. By careful control of the concentrations of inhibitor and catalyst, a uniform product is obtainable with a good reaction velocity. Upon subjection of this mixture to polymerization conditions such as heat, light or a combination of both, and with or without pressure, an infusible, insoluble resin is produced which has many more desirable characteristics than the resins produced by the polymerization of mixtures not containing the polymerization inhibitor such as, for instance, the lack of fractures.

Suitable polymerization inhibitors for this reaction are phenolic compounds especially the polyhydric phenols and aromatic amines. Specific examples of this group of inhibitors are hydroquinone, benzaldehyde, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid. resorcinol, tannin, sym. di, beta naphthyl-p-phenylene diamine and phenolic resins. Sulfur compounds are also suitable.

The concentration of inhibitor is preferably low and I have found that less than about 1% is usually suflicient. However, with the preferred inhibitors I prefer to use only about 0.01% to about 0.1%.

The inhibitor may be incorporated in the reactive resin-reactive material combination (either before or after' bodying) or it may be added to the original reactive resin before or during the esterification of the said reactive resin. By adding the inhibitor before the esterification it is sometimes possible to use an inhibitor which would otherwise be substantiallv in- 20 soluble in the reactive resin reactive material composition. By adding the inhibitor to the unesterified mixture the inhibitor may become bound into the resin upon subsequent esterification.

Example 29 Resins were made upof the following compositions by esterification for the same length of time at 170 C.:

Ingredients Resin No. 1 Resin No. 2

Maleic Anhydride. 49 49 Ethylene GI col 41 41 Benzaldehy e 5 Usr: or MODIFIED ALxYD Rasms Example 30 55 parts of a diethylene glycol fumarate modified with benzyl alcohol, (resin F) are dissolved in about 45 parts of diallyl phthalate with 0.5 part of benzoyl peroxide. The resulting solution is applied to glass cloth which is stacked to form a laminate and then cured between glass or Cellophane cover sheets at about C. for approximately 1 hour. After further heating for about 1 hour at C. a stiff laminate is obtained which is somewhat harder and stiffer than obtained before heating at 150 C.

Example 31 A resin obtained by the reaction of fumaric acid diethylene glycol and tetrahydroabietyl alcohol (resin "G) is cut with diallyl phthalate to form a solution composed of 2 parts of resin to 1 part of diallyl phthalate. To 100 parts of said solution 0.005 part of benzoyl peroxide, 0.0008 of cobalt naphthenate and 0.0004 part of manganese naphthenate are added. The resulting composition is applied to a rather coarse weave of glass cloth (sold under the trade name of Fiberglas ECC-11-162). The impregnated cloth is cut and stacked to form an assembly which is cured by heating in air for about 2 hours at 100 C. The surface is tack free and during the heating the resin pulls itself down between the fibers on the surface leaving a rough uniform exterior which could be used as an excellent base for oil painting since the rough surface readily pulls paint from a brush. Using a fabric of linen weave, the surface of the laminate could be made smooth.

Example 32 A resin prepared by reaction of diethylene glycol, fumaric acid, tetrahydroabietyl alcohol and linseed oil fatty acids (resin H) is cut with diallyl phthalate in a ratio of 3 parts of resin to 2 parts of diallyl phthalate thereby producing a solution having a viscosity of MN (Gardener- Holt). A solution containing equal parts of the resin and diallyl phthalate has a viscosity of 21 about G-H (Gardener-Holt). To 100 parts of either of these solutions the following is added:

, Parts Cobalt naphthenate 0.004 Manganese naphthenate 0.002 Benzoyl peroxide 0.15

Films of the resulting solution dry tack-free in about 1 hour at around 125 C. to yield hard coatings.

Example 33 Diallyl phthalate is dissolved in an equal weight of xylene together with about 1% of benzoyl peroxide. The solution hoursat a temperature of 140 c. after which the partially polymerized diallyl phthalate is precipitated with cold methanol and extracted by means of hot methanol and dried to yield a powdered polymer.

13 parts of the partially polymerized diallyl phthalate prepared as described above is mixed with 7 parts of a resinous reaction product of fumaric acid, ethylene glycol and hydroxydecanoic acid (resin I) and with 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide. The resulting mixture is placed in a mold and heated for about minutes at a pressure of 50 pounds/sq. in. and 140 C. A well knit molding was obtained even under this low pressure.

Ezzxample 34 Equal parts of diallyl phthalate and a resin obtained by the reaction of fumaric acid, diethylene glycol and linseed oil fatty acid monoq glycerides are mixed together to form a composition having a viscosity of U-V (Gardener-Holt) Upon the addition of manganese and cobalt naphthenates and benzoyl peroxide as shown in Example 32 above, a hard mar-resistant film of good adhesion to'metal is obtained by baking films of the-solution for about 1 hour at about 125 C.

In place'of part or all of the diallyl phthalate employed in Examples -34 I may substitute any of the other allyl esters previously mentioned herein, and I may substitute equivalent molal proportions of these esters or I may vary the proportions thereof in accordance with the principles set forth in this specification.

REACTIVE RESINS AND THEIR PREPARATION Reactive resins suitable for polymerization with reactive materials containing the CH2=C group in accordance with the teachings of my invention are those which contain a plurality of alpha, beta enal groups. The simplest members of this group are those produced by the esteriflcation of an'alpha, beta-unsaturated organic acid with a polyhydric alcohol.

The preferred polyhydric alcohols are those which contain only primary hydroxyl groups since the presence of secondary hydroxyl groups may make. it difflcult to obtain rapid esterir'ication. The glycols are generally preferable. If colorless resins be desired or ifoptimum electrical properties be desired, it is preferable to use glycols which do not have any oxygen bridges in their structure since the presence of oxygen linkages may lead to the formation of color bodies during the preparation of the resin. By the use of glycols which do not contain the oxygen bridges clear colorless resins may be produced. On the other hand, oxygen bridges may be desirable if the resin is to be used in coating as they cause films to dry faster.

The particular choice of glycol or other polyhydric alcohol used in preparing the resin is governed mainly by the physical properties de-- is heated for about 7 sired of the intermediate and final polymerization products, especially hardness, impact resistance, distensibllity, refractive index, adhesion, compatibility relationships, etc., including also solvent, water, alkali, acid or chemical resistance in general.

The alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids which I prefer to use in preparing the reactive resins include maleic, fumaric, itaconic and citraconic although other similar acids could be substituted such as mesaconlc acid, aconitic acid and halogenated maleic acids such as chlormaleic acid and any of the foreging could be substituted in part with acrylic, beta benzoyl acrylic methacrylic, A -cy-clohexene carboxylic, cinnamic, and crotonic acids. Obviously, various mixtures of these acids can be used where expedient.

The reactive resins may be modified with other substances which are used in alkyd resins, i. e.. monohydric alcohols, monobasic acids or dibasic acids, e. g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, etc., which do not contain groups polymerizably reactive with respect to organic substances containing CH2=C groups. These modifying agents are usually used as diluents or plasticizers, chemically combined in the resin. The use of a small proportion of the saturated dibasic acids generally improves the mechanical properties of the resins after copolymerization with the material containing the CH2=C group.

The reactive resins may be prepared from polyhydric alcohols other than the glycols or from mixtures including a glycol and a higher polyhydric alcohol. Examples of these are glycerol, pentaerythritol, etc. -Polyhydric alcohols containing more than two hydroxyl groups react very readily with the alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids. Consequently it may be preferable to use some monohydric alcohol in conjunction with the alcohols which contain more than two hydroxyl groups or else some monobasic acid may be used.

It is also possible to introduce initially into the resin structure a certain number of groupings of the type CH2=C through the use of unsaturated alkyl compounds. One way of accomplishing this, for example is by direct esterification of an unsaturated alcohol containing a CH2=C group. Examples of such alcohols are allyl alcohol and methallyl alcohol.

While the reactive resins may be modified in the same general manner as other alkyd resins, it is preferable to have. at least 20% polyhydric alcohol in the reactive mixture and at least 25% polyba-sic acid in said reactive mixture. If a monohydric alcohol or a dibasic acid which does not contain polymerizably active groups with respect to organic substances containing the CH2= C groups be used, the proportion of such substances will depend on the properties required of the polymerized reactive material-reactive resin mixture. By the use of a relatively large proportion of a polymerizably active dibasic acid, e. g., maleic, in the reactive resin, a hard, tough polymer is produced upon subsequent reaction of said reactive resin with a reactive material containing the CH2=C group. On the other hand, if the reactive resin is obtained from a relatively small proportion of polymerizably active dibasic acid and a relatively large proportion of acids which do not contain groups polymerizably active with respect to organic substances containa effect is produced by the introduction of other inactive'ingredients. By varying the ingredients and the proportions of the ingredients, resins may be obtained having properties desirable for almost any particular use.

The unsaturated alkyd resins employed in accordance with my invention are preferably those having an acid number not greater than 50 although in some cases resins having an acid number as high as 100 may be desirable. Generally the acid number should be as low as possible, but this is sometimes controlled by practical considerations of operation such as time. temperature and economy.

The resins should be so formulated that the carboxyl groups of the acids are reacted with the theoretical molal equivalent of the hydroxyl groups of the alcohols. In this connection it is to be noted that the hydroxyl groups of modifying alcohols as well as the carboxyl groups of modifying acids should be included with the hydroxyl groups and car-boxyl groups of the principal reactants, the polyhydric alcohol and the alpha,

beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid, respectively.

When glycols are reacted with dicarboxylic acids it is preferable that the glycol be present in a molal ratio to the acid of not less than 1:2 and that the molal ratio of monohydrlc alcohol to dicarboxylic acid be not greater than 1:1. In most cases it has been found that a molal ratio of monohydrlc alcohol to dicarboxylic acid of 1:6 produces the best results (5.5 mols of glycol being employed in this case). The same general rules apply when other polyhydric alcohols .than glycols such as pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or polyallyl alcohols are used or when other polycarboxylic acidshaving more than two carboxylic groups are used. In other words, the ratio of the monohydric alcohol to the polycarboxylic acid should preferably be not greater than 1:1 although higher ratios of monohydrlc alcohol may be employed if desired. However, for optimum results .the ratio monohydrlc, alcohol to-p'olycarboxylic acid should not exceed 1 mol ofmonohydricalcohol for each carboxyl group of the polycarboxylic acid in excess of 1. Thus, for example,,a resin may be prepared by the reaction of 1 mol of dipentaerthritol with 5 mols of fumaric acid and 4 mols of monohydric alcohol.

If it be desirable to introduce lower alkyl groups into the resin, this may be done by using maleic esters of monohydrlc alcohols, e. g., ethyl maleate. The alkyl ester will then be united with the resin by polymerization. This could not be accomplished with the saturated type of alkyd, e. g., phthalic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols.

Resins which contain a plurality of alpha, beta enal roups are sensitive to light, heat and polymerizing catalysts. Since oxygen tends to cause these resins to polymerize, it is desirable that the resins should be made in the absence of this substance, especially when colorless resins are required. The exclusion of oxygen and polymer,- izing catalysts is desirable during the preparation of the resin and the presence of dissolved oxygen in the original reactants is also preferably avoided. Moreover, dust and extraneous particles that reagents may pick up usually should be removed, especially if colorless resins are desired. One manner in which the dissolved gases and other extraneous impurities may be removed is through i the distillation of the ingredients into the reaction chamber in the absence of air. i r

In order to keep oxygen from contact with the reactants an inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen may be introduced into the reaction chamber. This may be done either by merely passing the gas over the surface or by bubbling the gas through the liquid reactants. In the latter instance it may be made to perform the added function of agitating the mixture thus eliminating the necessity for mechanical agitation. The inert gas will also carry away at least part of the water formed and toward the end of the reaction it can be used to carry away the reactants still remaining unreacted. Upon separation of the water vapor the used carbon dioxide or other inert gas would be particularly suitable for making high grade colorless resins since any residual reactive'impurities such as oxygen yvould have been removed in its passage through the first batch of resin reactants.

The effect of light is not so important if the reactants are purified and the reaction carried on in an inert atmosphere as outlined above. However, as an added precaution the esterification may be conducted in the dark. It is also advisable to avoid local overheating and discoloratiorris minimized if the reaction is conducted below a temperature of about 200 C. To avoid overheating it is advisable to raise the temperature slowly at the beginning, especially if an anhydride be used since the reaction between an anhydride and an alcohol is exothermic.

The preparation of the reactive resins is illustrated in the following examples, the reactants being given in parts by weight.

\ PREPARATION or Rnsm A 98 parts of freshly distilled maleic anhydride were reacted with'about 10% in excess of equimolecular proportions of freshly distilled ethylene glycol (68 parts) at about 170-175 C. An excess of ethylene glycol is preferred because of its .high volatility. The mixture is continuously agiproduced with an acid number of 35-50.

PREPARATION or RESIN B 1200 parts of maleic anhydride were mixed with 1023parts of alpha propylene glycol (equivalent to one mol of each plus approximately 10% of the glycol). This mixture was heated with agitation in an inert atmosphere at 165 C. After about four hours the resin turned opaque on cooling. After about eleven hours heating, a resin is obtained which is somewhat brittle at room temperature and the acid number is between 35-50.

PREPARATION or RESIN F v Parts Diethylene glycol 530 Fumaric acids I 638 Benzyl alcohol; 162

These substances are heated together at a temperature of 180 C. for about '7 hours during which time a small amount of benzyl alcohol distills over with the water or esterification. The benzyl alcohol water thus obtained may be fractionated and the benzyl alcohol recovered for use in subsequent resin preparations. The resin has an acid number of 49.

PREPARATION or Rssm G" Parts Fumaric acid (5.5 mols) 638 Diethylene glycol mols) 530 Tetrahydroabietyl-alcohol (1* mol) 292 PREPARATION or RESIN H" Parts Diethylene glycol 106 Fumaric acid 118 Tetrahydroabietyl alcohol '73 Linseed oil fatty acids '70- These substances areheated about 180 0., for about 8 hours under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide to obtain a resin having an acid number of about 42.

PREPARATION or RESIN "1 Parts Fumaric acid 580' Ethylene glycol 310 Omega-hydroxydecanoic acid 188 PREPARATION or Rasm J Parts Fumaric-acid -1 1'70 Diethylene glycol 132.5 Linseed oil fatty acid monoglycerides 89 These substances are heated under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide for about 9 hours at180 C. during which time about 44 parts of water dis- A till and whereby a resin having an acid number of about His obtained.

The resins prepared in the manner illustrated above are merely exemplary of the reactive resins which I contemplate using for reaction with a material containing the CH2=C group in the practice of my invention. Other resins of the same type may be prepared in a similar manner.

Among these resins the following may be employed in place of part or all of those mentioned above: ethylene glycol fumarate, diethylene glycol fumarate, alpha propylene glycol maleate, polyethylene glycol maleates (e. g., hexaethylene glycol maleate), polymethylene glycol maleates (e. g., decamethylene' glycol maleate) octadecandiol fumarate, the maleic esters: of 2,2-dimethyl propanediol-1,3, glycerol maleate undecylenate, triethylene glycol chlormaleate, triethylene g col terpene maleate (derived from the interaction of V2 mol of terpene and 1 mol of maleic in the presence of excess of terpene) Many difl'erent modified alkyd resins may be employed in the same manner as the other resins mentioned herein, Such modified resins include all of those previously mentioned and generically described modified with a monohydric alcohol or with a monocarboxylic acid or with both a monohydric alcohol and a monocarboxylic acid. Among the alcohols which may be used are nbutanol, 1,2 and 1,3 dichloropropanols (HO-CH2-CHClCHzC1 and CHaCl-CHOHCHzCl) the amyl alcohols. cyclohexanol, n-hexanol, 2 methyl hexanol, n-octanol, decanol, dodecanol, tetradecanol, cetyl alcohol, octadecanol, reduced geraniol, reduced fatty oils such as coconut oil, palm oil. etc., benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol. furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and various ether alcohols such as and those sold under the trade names of Cellosolve and Carbitol" such as butyl Cellosolve (the monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol), butyl Carbitol (the monobutyl ether of diethylene glycol), etc. alcohols may be reacted with glyci-dol and the reaction products thereof employed as a glycol in the preparation of the unsaturated alkyd resins. 0f the cycloaliphatic alcohols those derived by reaction of dienes with unsaturated aldehydes and thereafter reduced such as isohexyl cyclohexyl carbinol which is obtained by the reaction of beta-myrcene with acrolein and thereafter reduced are especially suitable. Various acids and other compounds having esterifiable hydroxyl groups may be employed in the modification of the unsaturated alkyd resins to be used in accordance with my invention for copolymerization with allyl compounds. Thus for example the hydroxy acids may be employed including lactic acid, alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, hydracrylic acid, omega-hydroxycaproic acid, omega-hydroxydecanoic acid; omegahydroxymyristic acid, etc. Other substances containing hydroxyl groups which may be used are for example ethylene cyanhydrin. Still other alcohols which may be employed are terpineol, fenchyl alcohol, the unsaturated alcohols, including allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, linoleyl alcohol. I have found that copolymers of alkyd resins modified with monohydric alcohol gives especially high temperature resistance when employed as a band to laminate glass cloth or when glass fibers are used as a filler in castings or moldings.

It is preferable that primary alcohols be used as modifiers for the unsaturated alkyd resins and it is also preferable that alcohols have boiling points above about 200 C. If low boiling alcohols e. g., tetrahyd-rofurfuryl alcohol be used it is preferable that the resin be prepared azeotropically as described below.

PREPARATION or REACTIVE RESIN AZEOTROPICALLY Since the viscosity of the resin frequently becomes quite high if the esterification is carried to a low acid number, it may be desirable .to produce the resin under azeotropic conditions. Accordingly, the esterification is conducted in an Furthermore, various monohydric organic solvent which dissolves the reactants as well as the resultant resin and which is preferably substantially insoluble in water. Examples of these are: benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride; ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, ethylene and propylene trichlorides, butylene dichloride and trichloride and also higher boiling solvents such as cresol and methyl cyclohexanone although some of these may tend to darken the resin. The mixture is refluxed in such a manner as to separate the water formed by the esterification. Much lower temperatures are used than are used under the conditions outlined in Examples 17-19. Suitable temperatures range between Bil-145 C., for example, for the lower boiling members of the group of solvents set forth above. Obviously, this will vary with different solvents and with different concentrations of solvent. The range of preferred concentrations for the inert solvent is from about 25% to about 50%. An esterification catalyst is usually necessary because a comparatively low tem-- perature is employed. Examples of these are thymol sulfonic acid, d-calmphor sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid. Obviously other known esteriflcation catalysts could be used. A resin having any particular acid number if made azeotropically will usually have a lower viscosity than one of the corresponding acid number not made azeotropically.

PREPARATION OF RESIN "D ingredients including the ethylene dichloride.

Similar results were obtained using thymol sulfonic acid and approximately the same proportions except that only about 148 parts of ethylene dichloride were used. A resin of acid number 11.3 was obtained.

Monocarboxylic acids which are saturated may be employed as modifiers for the unsaturated monocarboxylic acids heretofore mentioned. Such acids include; acetic acid, caproic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, etc. Any of the monocarboxylic acidswhich are available in the form of the anhydride may be used as the anhydride instead of as the acid.

When a resin is treated with a reactive material containing the cm=c group, the material may or may not dissolve the resin depending on the chemical nature of both the material and the resin. If the resin be incompatible with this reactive material, chemical interaction of the type described cannot occur in that compatibility has not been established. Under these conditions another solvent may then be introduced as an additional constituent. If the solvent is inert, it plays no part in the reaction but is so selected that both the reactive material and the resin are soluble yielding a homogeneous system of reactive material, inert solvent and resin. This invention relates to compatible combinations of a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CH2=C group. Such combinations may be ob- 28 tained by the use of inert blending solvents where necessary although .the use of only reactive materials containing the CH2=C group which act as solvents is preferred.

The terms compatible and homogeneous as used in the specification and claims are intended to indicate a system, the constituents of which are uniformly distributed throughout the whole mass, and when applied to solutions, to indicate that these may be either true solutions or colloidal solutions as long as they are substantially stable.

When a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CH2=C group undergo chemical reaction, certain possibilities arise. The reactive resin and reactive material may combine in such a manner as to lead to the formation of a resinous colloidal entity and the end-product is clear, glass-like and homogeneous. Alternatively, the reactive resin and the reactive material may interactin such a manner as .to yield colloidal entities wherein varying degrees of opacity or colloidal colors result. The lend-product under these conditions may be partially translucent or opaque.

The final resin composition is obtained by dissolving a resin containing the alpha, beta enal groups in a reactive material containing the group C=CH2. The chemical reaction which is believed to take place is that the reactive material combines with the resin at the points of unsaturation yielding a less unsaturated system which is essentially insoluble and inIusible. Ordinarily when a resin is dissolved in a solvent, the changes which occur are physical in nature. The resin may be isolated from the solvent mixture chemically unchanged. In the present invention however, the combination of the reactive material containing the CH2=C group which acts as the solvent and reactive resin becomes an inseparable entity, the original ingredients not being removed by the solvents for the original ingredients.

Through the use of a small amount or reactive alkyd resin dissolved in a large amount of reactive material containing the CH2=C group, the final composition contains not only the ester groupings which were originally present in the alkyd resin but also the carbon-to-carbon molecular bonds which link the reactive material and the reactive resin. Through the use of a small amount of resin and a large amount of reactive material, the composite resin is no longer soluble in those inert solvents wherein the reactive material resinified alone would dissolve. Under long exposure to the inert solvent, the composite resin will tend to imbibe a certain quantity of inert solvent but it does not possess the solubility of the reactive material when resinified alone. This property is a distinct advantage in that the physical contour of an object made of the polymerized resin is not lost through solution.

Comparison of, the softening point of the reactive material containing the CH2=C group alone and of the softening point of the composite resin formed through interaction of the resin and reactive material shows that the softening point of the latter has been raised. The softening point may be increased very markedly depending upon the ratio of resin used in the composition.

Ingeneral the softening point of resins has a distinct bearing on their behavior at room temperature ,as well as at elevated temperatures.

Where the softening point is too low, difflculty is encountered in that articles made from the resin slowly lose their shape. In large articles the effect becomes very noticeable. A softening point when too high, on the other hand, results in a composition which willnot soften sufliciently in a mold. Roughly, three types of compositionsexist with respect to the ratio of resin to reactive material containing the CH2=C group. First, a large amount of reactive material and a small amount of resin; second, substantial quantitles of both ingredients; and third, a large amount of resin and a small amount of reactive material. The second composition when fully cured possesses no softening point. The first and third varieties of composition when cured may, under high temperatures and pressure, be made to flow slightly. I

The composition obtained from substantial quantities of both reactive material containing the CH2=C group and reactive resin in the cured state may be machined, turned on a lathe, sanded and polished and used in general as a tumery composition. The absence of softening renders the material particularly adaptable to this purpose. In that it is unflowable, it may be machined without danger of softening and gummning tools. Moreover, such a composition may,

'if desired, be obtained in large blocks,

My resins may be utilized in: moldings, with or without filler; laminated materials as the bonding agent; adhesives; coating compositions for use in finishes for wood, metals or plastics, or in the treatment of fibrous materials such as paper, cloth or leather; as impregnating agents for fibrous materials; as assistants in dyeing, etc. In order to use the composition for moldings, it may be necessary to prevent the composition from'curing too fast. During the change from a liquid to a hard resin, varyingv stages of hardness exist and by interrupting the reaction at a definite point, the material may then be placed in a form and hardened under heat. Sheets of resin may be twisted, or made to conform to a pattern,- and then subsequently cured in the shaped form by heat alone. I

One manner in which this may be accomplished is to polymerize the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group without catalysts until the material is no longer fluid but still not completely cured- By grinding this partially polymerized material a molding composition is obtained which can then' be shaped under heat and pressure.

, Example A mixture of about 40 parts by weight of diallyl phthalate and about 60 parts by weight of disk.

- Example 36 A mixture of equal parts by weight of butylene glycol fumarate, (prepared by heating molar quantities of butylene glycol and fumaric acidat about 175 C. until the resin has an acid number of about and diallyl phthalate is treated'with- 0.5% of benzoyl peroxide and poured into a mold, the sides of which are two sheets of plate glass spaced V inch apart. The assembly is heated for about hour at 100 C. Under these conditions, a flexible sheet is formed.-

The sheet may be distorted and bent into various forms. By further curing in the bent form the resin hardens and assumes the form imposed.

One procedure is as follows: A mandrel was lightly covered with glycerol, the flexible sheet is bent over the mandrel and the resin is covered with glycerol. A thin sheet of metal is then superimposed 0n the assembly and secured mechanically. The entire mass is heated in an oven for 1 hour at 150 C. A hardened shaped mass results.

The glycerol is used to maintain the original clear surface. It is particularly useful where one surface is glass since the cured resin may adhere very tenaciously to glass.

All types of simple curves can readily be fashioned. Compound curves are more diflicult to produce since the resin in the semi-cured stage may be distensible to only a limited extent.

To produce moldings or laminated materials combinations of reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group may be mixed with one or more of the various fillers, e. g.,

wood flour, wood fiber, paper dust, clay, diatoms.- ceous earths, zein, glass wool, mica, granite dust, silk flock, cotton flock, steel wool. silicon carbide, paper, cloth of any fiber including glass, sand, silica flour, white, black or colored pigments, etc. Such mixtures may be partially polymerized, ground and molded. On the other hand, the liquid composition may be bodied and introduced directly into a mold and polymerization from a viscous liquid to a solid resin conducted in one step.

In that the composition of reactive resin and reactive material is initially quite limpid, it may be used for impregnating various porous objects or employed as a coating composition.

If the polymerizable compositions are; to be molded under low pressure (e. g., 0-50 pounds/sq. in.) the composition may be employedmithout bodying or partial polymerization.

The liquid polymerizable mixture may be introduced in a positive mold without-any filler. In this instance, however, the reaction becomes quite exothermic but this may be. conveniently controlled by the addition of a suitable polymerization inhibitor.

The ratio of reactive material containing the CH2=C group to reactive resin in the final composition will not only have a bearing on the softening point and on methods of working the resin but on various other physical properties, e. g., light transmission, scratch resistance, indentation hardness and are resistance. By a judicious selection of the ratio of reactive material to reactive resin a composition best suited to these varying needs of industry may be fabricated.

The methods by which the reactive material containing the CH2=C group may be made to combine are various. Heat, light or catalysts may be used or combinations of these, or a combination of heat and pressure. Any suitable method of heating may be used including the application of high frequency electric fields to induce heat in the reactive mixture to polymerize the latter.

During the transformation of the soft, limpid resinous composition to a hard massive structure, various stages occur which maybe roughly separated as follows: first, the induction period where- 31 in the material remains as a so] which slowly increases in viscosity; secondly, the transformation of the so] into a gel; and third, the hardening of the gel. During the transformation of the sol to a geL'an exothermic reaction occurs which may be very violent if uncontrolled. Moreover, the gel has relatively poor heat conductivity resulting in heat being transferred poorly through the mass, not only external heat but the heat that is generated during chemical reaction. cognizance has to be taken of these features in the hardening of the composition. particularly in the casting or molding of large blocks.

Light when used alone causes a relatively long induction period and during the transformation of the sol to the gel requires cooling to overcome the exothermic reaction especially when a powerful source of light is used for final curing. Using heat alone, gelation occurs readily enough at appropriate temperatures but since the gel, when formed, has poor heat conductivity, fracturing may occur in the last stage. Through the use of heat and catalyst, the reaction may become very violent unless the heating is carefully controlled.

Various combinations of these three factors may be used to bring about hardening of the mass. Mild heating of the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group with or without inhibitors brings about a very gradual increase in viscosity which may be controlled quite easily and readily. When the solution has taken on an appropriate consistency, then accelerators may be introduced and heating conducted at a very much lower temperature. Mild heating may first be used and the mass then exposed 'to light. Use of superoxides and light is very effective- In other words, through the use of initial heating or bodying, the induction time may be decreased markedly.

While I have specifically described the reaction of mixtures of a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CH2=C group in the liquid state I am not precluded from-reacting the reactive material in the vapor state with the resin. Compositions containing a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CHz=C group are originally liquid compositions and by proper treatment at relatively low temperature they can be converted into hard masses. The wide divergence of the properties of such compositions enables them to be used in a variety of different ways. In the liquid form they may be used as an adhesive, impregnating agent or as a surface coating. In that the hardening does not depend upon evaporation, the liquid may be ap- .resins, and the hardening brought about through catalysts such as cobalt salts, oxygen liberating substances or hardening could be accomplished with light. Since these compositions dry from the bottom rather than from the top, the latter frequently remains tacky for a relatively lengthy period. In order to overcome this, drying oil fatty acids, e. g., linseed oil fatty acids are added to the esterification mixture in making the original reactive resin and this will cause the top surface to dry quickly upon subsequent polymerization with a reactive material containing the CH2=C group. In this way a coating composition is obtained which dries both from top and bottom.

- The liquid resinous composition, moreover, may be cast or molded and after hardening may be isolated as a. finished product, or could be cut, turned and polished into the desired finished product. Provided the surface of the mold is highly polished, the resinous substance would acquire a clear, smooth finish from the mold. The compositions so obtained being insoluble are not easily attacked by solvents and being infusible may be worked with ordinary wood working or metal tools. The artificial mass can be cut, turned on a lathe, polished and sanded without superficial softening and streaking.

Obviously natural resins or other synthetic resins may be admixed with the resins of this invention in order to obtain products suitable for particular purposes. Examples of these are shellac, cellulose esters and ethers, urea resins. phenolic resins, alkyd resins, ester gum, etc. The resins of my invention may also be mixed with rubber or synthetic rubber-like products if desired.

In that many of these resins are originally transparent and free of color, they may be colored with suitable dyes to a wide variety of transparent soft pastel shades. An example of a suitable dye is Sudan IV. Darker shades may be obtained, if desired, e. g., with nigrosine.

It may be desirable in some instances to form a copolymer of one or more substances containing the group CH2=C and at least one polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin and, after molding or casting this into any desired shape, to apply a coating of a .harder copolymer to the outside, thus obtaining the same effect as is obtained in the metallurgical fields by case hardening. Similarly, inserts may be filled with a hard resin in order to act as bearing surfaces 01' f0! some other purpose. Such coatings or inserts adhere tenaciously and appear to become integral with the original piece. In order to secure the best results in manufacturing such products, it is desirable to first abrade the surface of the article before the application of the harder film. During the curin operation, the abrasion marks-disappear. This treatment is also of considerable importance since it may also be used to refinish articles which might have been marred in use.

Many of the advantageous properties of the resin resulting from the polymerization of mixtures containing reactive materials containing the CH=C group and reactive resins are apparent from the foregoing disclosure. Several important advantages are now to be set forth.

In molding and casting operations curing takes place either in the presence or absence of air very rapidly. This is of great importance in curing large blocks. Other alkyd resins require a very much longer time to cure in large blocks, 1. e.. many months, whereas the composition of a reactive resin and reactive materials containing the CH2=C group require only a few days, at the most.

Another important advantage is the fact that the reactive material containing the CH2=C group which acts as the solvent combines with the resin leaving no residual solvent and giving no problems as to solvent removal.

One of the outstanding advantages of these 33 resins is quick curing time which renders them available for injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion molding.

Castings which are polymers of such substances as methyl methacrylate, for example, frequently contain bubbles which are formed in the lower part of the casting. Inasmuch as the present invention is directed to systems wherein the polymerization proceeds-from the bottom to the top, no bubbles are trapped in the castin Similar advantages are present in coating operations such as the lack of shrinkage of the film due to loss of solvent because of the combination between the reactive resin and the reactive material containing the CH2=C group which acts as the solvent. Furthermore, the composition dries from the bottom, there are no bubbles from the solvent and there is no water driven ofl. A clear bubble-free, impervious coat-= ing is, therefore, more readily obtainable with the combinations of a reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group than with other coating compositions. Since there is no solvent to be removed and since air is not needed to dry the compositions, relatively thick layers may be applied in one operation.

This application is a continuation-in-part ofv my copending applications Serial Nos. 248,536,

filed December 30, 1938; 349,240, filed August 1,

1940; 487,034, filed May 14, 1943, 495,212, filed July 1'7, 1943, and 521,822, filed February 10, 1944.

Obviously many other reactants and modifica- Q tions may be used in the processes outlined in this specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

I claim:

1. A polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by reaction of ingredients comprising a monohydrio alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol and an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid, (2) another different substance which is a polymerizable polyester compatible with the resin of (1) and obtained by esterification of a polycarboxylic acid with allyl alcohol, and (3) a catalyst for accelerating the copolymerization of the materials I of (1) and (2).

2. The method of producing new synthetic compositions which comprises polymerizing a polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by reaction of ingredients comprising a monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol and an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid, (2) another diilerent substance which is a polymerizable polyester compatible with the resin (1) and obtained by esteriflcation or a polycarboxylic acid with allyl alcohol, and (3) a catalyst for accelerating the copolymerization of the matealpha, unsaturated alpha, beta polycarboxylic acid and (2) polymerizable diallyl phthalate.

5. A polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin which is a polyester of substances comprising a monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol, and an alpha unsaturated alpha, beta polycarboxylic acid and (2) another different substance which is a polymcrizable monomeric polyallyl ester of a polycarboxyl-ic acid and which is compatible with said resin.

6. A'polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin which is a-polyester of substances comprising allyl alcohol, a glycol, and an alpha, beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid and (2) a separately prepared different substance which is a polymerizable monomeric polyester compatible with the resin of (1) and which is a polyallyl ester of a polycarboxylic acid.

' '7. A synthetic polymerized material obtained by inter-polymerizing the polymerizable composition of claim 3.

. hydric alcohol, a dihydric alcohol-and an alpha,

beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid and (2) another diiierent substance which is a monomeric allyl ester having two allyl groups esterified with a polybasic acid and being compatible with the resin of (1).

10. A polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by the reaction of ingredients comprising a monohydric alcohol, a dihydric alcohol and an alpha, beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid and (2) another different substance which is substantially non-resinous, which is compatible with the resin of (1) and which is an ester having a plurality of allyl groups esterified with a polybasic acid.

11. A synthetic polymerized material obtained by polymerizing a mixture including (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by the reaction of ingredients comprising a monohydric alcohol, a dihydric alcohol and an alpha, beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid and (2) another different substance which is a substantially non-resinous ester having a plurality of allyl groups esterified with a polybasic acid and being compatible with the resin of (1).

EDWARD L. KROPA.

, REFERENCES crrEn The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,921,756 Kienle Aug. 8, 1933 2,155,590 Garvey Apr. 25, 1939 2,195,362 Ellis Mar. 26, 1940 2,202,846 Garvey June 4, 1940 2,255,313 Ellis Sept. 9, 1941 Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,443,740. June 22, 1948. EDWARD L. KROPA It is hereby certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: Column 4, line 44, for that portion of the formula reading OH O read 0H column 5, line 33, for the word Diety read Diethyl; column 10, line 1, after the Word oxides strike out the period and insert instead a comma; line 24, same column,

for acts read act; column 22, line 75, for CH C read H =C'; column 26, line 60, for band read bond;

and that the said Letters Patent should be read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 12th day of July, A. D. 1949.

Assistant Gammissz'oner 0 7 Patents. 

